FACTORS AFFECTING THE SERVICE LIFE OF GEOTEXTILES: DURABILITY AND MAINTENANCE

Factors Affecting the Service Life of Geotextiles: Durability and Maintenance

Factors Affecting the Service Life of Geotextiles: Durability and Maintenance

Geotextiles are widely used in civil engineering and construction projects for their ability to enhance soil stability, improve drainage, and provide erosion control. They play a crucial role in applications such as road construction, foundation stabilization, and landscaping. However, the service life of geotextiles is influenced by several factors, including material composition, environmental conditions, and maintenance practices. Understanding these factors is essential for maximizing the longevity and performance of geotextiles in various applications.



1. Material Composition and Quality

The durability of geotextiles begins with the material they are made from. Geotextiles are typically produced from synthetic materials such as polypropylene, polyester, or polyethylene. Each of these materials has different properties, such as resistance to UV radiation, chemicals, and temperature fluctuations, which directly affect their lifespan.

 

Polypropylene is commonly used for its resistance to chemical degradation and ability to perform well in high-strength applications.

Polyester geotextiles are favored for their strength and resistance to UV radiation, making them suitable for applications exposed to sunlight.

Polyethylene, while less common, is highly resistant to abrasion and is often used for applications involving extreme conditions.

 

When purchasing geotextiles, it’s important to consider the specific requirements of the project and choose materials that will withstand the environmental conditions to which they will be exposed. For those looking for affordable solutions, its possible to buy geotextile from reputable sources that offer good quality products at competitive prices.

2. Exposure to Environmental Conditions

Environmental factors play a significant role in the degradation of geotextiles. The primary factors that affect the service life of geotextiles include:

UV Radiation:

Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays can break down the chemical structure of geotextiles, particularly those made from polypropylene and polyethylene. UV degradation can lead to the weakening of fibers and eventual failure of the geotextile. To mitigate this, manufacturers often add UV stabilizers to their products, but over time, these additives may lose effectiveness.

Temperature Fluctuations:

Geotextiles that experience extreme temperature changes, such as those in hot climates or areas with harsh winters, are more likely to suffer from physical wear and tear. High temperatures can cause the materials to become brittle, while freezing temperatures can make them more prone to cracking.

Chemical Exposure:

Geotextiles used in soil stabilization or drainage systems may come into contact with various chemicals, such as fertilizers, pesticides, or industrial effluents. The composition of the geotextile determines its resistance to chemical degradation. Polyester-based geotextiles are generally more resistant to chemicals than polypropylene ones, making them a better choice for chemically aggressive environments.

Mechanical Stress:

Geotextiles are subject to mechanical stress, especially in road construction and other high-load applications. Over time, repeated loading and unloading can cause the fibers in the geotextile to break down. Proper installation and maintenance can help alleviate some of the stress on the material, but eventually, wear and tear will take its toll.

 

In regions with extreme conditions, it’s important to select a geotextile that has been specifically designed to withstand the local environment. For instance, if you’re working in a location with high UV radiation, it might be best to purchase geotextiles that are treated with UV inhibitors to increase their lifespan.

3. Proper Installation Practices

The service life of geotextiles is also highly dependent on proper installation techniques. Incorrect installation can result in premature failure of the geotextile, regardless of the quality of the material. Common installation issues include:

Overstretching:

When geotextiles are overstretched during installation, they may lose their strength and fail prematurely. It’s essential to install the material without over-tensioning it to ensure optimal performance.

Improper Overlap:

Geotextiles are often used in layered systems, where sections of the material are overlapped to ensure continuous coverage. If the overlap is insufficient or improperly aligned, the geotextile may fail under load.

Poor Anchoring:

Geotextiles must be properly anchored to prevent movement or displacement over time. Improper anchoring can result in the material shifting out of place, causing it to lose its effectiveness in providing stability or filtration.

 

Hiring a professional with expertise in geotextile installation can help prevent these issues and ensure that the material performs as expected over its service life.

4. Regular Maintenance and Inspections

Regular maintenance and inspections are vital for extending the lifespan of geotextiles, especially in projects where the material is exposed to harsh conditions. Some key maintenance practices include:

Cleaning:

Geotextiles used in drainage applications can become clogged with debris, silt, or sediment. This can reduce their filtration efficiency and lead to the failure of the entire system. Regular cleaning of geotextiles, especially those used in erosion control or drainage systems, is essential to maintain performance.

Repairs:

If geotextiles become damaged due to mechanical stress, punctures, or environmental factors, they should be promptly repaired or replaced. Small holes or tears in the material can compromise its integrity and lead to larger issues down the line.

Monitoring:

Regular monitoring of geotextiles in use can help detect signs of wear early, allowing for timely intervention before the material fails completely. Signs to watch for include visible degradation, stretching, or shifting of the material.

 

For those looking to replace worn-out geotextiles or add more to their existing systems, finding a cheap geotextile manufacturer who offers reliable and durable products can make a significant difference in reducing overall project costs.

5. Conclusion

The service life of geotextiles is influenced by various factors, including material composition, exposure to environmental conditions, installation practices, and ongoing maintenance. By understanding these factors and selecting the right geotextile for your specific needs, you can ensure that the material performs effectively for as long as possible.

 

To get started on your next project, consider sourcing high-quality materials from trusted suppliers. If you’re looking for an affordable option, you can buy geotextile from reputable manufacturers who offer a balance of cost and quality. For bulk orders or long-term projects, its also worth reaching out to a cheap geotextile manufacturer who can provide cost-effective solutions without compromising on material performance. By taking these steps, youll be well on your way to ensuring the durability and longevity of your geotextile installations.

Carton Box Sealing Tape Machine with Price for PVC Adaptive Tape FXJ-5050ZB

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FXJ-Z series Automatic Folding Sealing Machine

Description:

  • FXJ series is designed to seal carton by applying adhesive tape

  • Cost effective, High speed

  • Easy size changeovers

  • For integration into production line or as stand alone machine

  • Conveyor belt tension and tape tension are adjustable to meet the needs of soft/hard cartons

  • The machine folds front/side/rear flaps at high speed

  • Two-side drive belts

  • Designed with upper & bottom tape heads or just upper tape head that are ideal for sealing uniform cartons continuously

  • Model FXJ-ZB: adopt three-side belt to drive the machine. The independent adjustment of sealing and folding. FXJ-ZB is suited for the cartons which are full after encasing such as soft bags which is encased on the cartons

Jianlong Harbin Bearing and Shenji Co., Ltd. Established a Comprehensive Strategic Cooperation

Click:High-end Modern Custom Furniture

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On July 22, Harbin Bearing Group Co., Ltd. under Jianlong Group (hereinafter referred to as Jianlong Harbin Bearing) and Shenyang Machine Tool Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Shenji) signed a comprehensive strategic cooperation agreement in Harbin. Xue Kunpeng, general manager of Jianlong Harbin Bearing, and Wu Chunyu, general manager of Shenji Co., Ltd., signed the agreement on behalf of both parties.

 

According to the agreement, the two parties will get rid of a single business cooperation model, enter a new technology-led cooperation model, and join forces with Jianlong Beiman Special Steel to create a one-stop channel for high-end bearing steel, machine tool bearings and machine tools, thereby solving the problem of the machine tool industry. The “neck” issue will jointly promote the development of China’s high-end equipment manufacturing industry.

 

Shenyang Machinery Co., Ltd. was jointly initiated and established in 1993 by Shenyang No. 1 Machine Tool Plant, Zhongjie Friendship Factory, and Shenyang No. 3 Machine Tool Plant. Its main business includes mechanical equipment manufacturing, processing, and leasing. It is a backbone enterprise in China's machine tool industry. Its controlling shareholder is China General Technology (Group) Holding Co., Ltd. (referred to as General Technology Group).

 

Xue Kunpeng, general manager of Jianlong Harbin Bearing, said that Harbin Bearing has a history of more than 70 years. In the past year after being reorganized by Jianlong Group, the company has undergone great changes. He also introduced the company's future development plan in detail, and hoped that both parties would give full play to their respective advantages, cooperate in-depth, and achieve a win-win situation.

 

He Xinyuan, general manager of General Technology Group Shenji Group, highly recognized Jianlong Harbin Bearing's future development strategy. He said that Shenyang Machine Tool is a loyal partner of Jianlong Harbin Bearing, and both parties have a long history of cooperation and a good foundation for cooperation. The signing of this strategic cooperation agreement is of great significance to the deepening of cooperation between the two parties. It is hoped that both parties can achieve mutual benefit and win-win results by optimizing the cooperation model and expanding the scale of cooperation.

Ruan Xiaojiang, vice president of Jianlong Group, pointed out that Jianlong Group has become one of the most competitive steel companies in the world after years of development. At present, Jianlong Group is committed to creating an industrial ecology that symbiosis with the supply chain, customers and other related parties. It is hoped that Jianlong Harbin Bearing and Shenji Co., Ltd. will establish a more comprehensive and in-depth strategic partnership.

 

Shenji Industry Director Wang Liang, Regional Director Sun Liang; Jianlong Harbin Bearing Chief Engineer and Deputy General Manager Jia Qiusheng attended the signing ceremony.

It is the eternal pursuit of Chinese workers to learn from advanced bearing companies at home and abroad and create Chinese own high-quality bearings

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The company has passed ISO9001: 2008 quality management system certification and has passed strict quality standards. Take meticulous quality control measures to improve product quality and service quality, and provide global consumers with high-quality products and quality services.

Product list:

https://bearingshow.net/productlist/127.html

Industrial Application of THB Bearings Co., Ltd.

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Our products include Double row angular contact ball bearings, deep groove ball bearings, thrust ball bearings, spherical roller bearings, cylindrical roller bearings, taper roller bearings, spherical plain bearings, rod ends, thrust roller bearings, york type track rollers, stud type cam followers, four point contact ball bearings, crossed roller bearings, slewing rings, chains, sprockets, and special products. 

Product display:https://bearingshow.net/productlist/85.html

The precision of bearing is optional from P0, P6, P5 to P4 and P2. Our products are widely used to the following applications, eg, Medical, Chemical, offshore cranes, logistics industry, Mining and Metallurgy industry, Port Machinery, Food and Beverage Machinery, etc. And 95% of our customers are from Europe, North America, South America, South Africa, Oceania, Asia, etc.

In July, the Bearing Steel Market Showed a Trend of Volatility and Weakness

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Overview: from January to may, the crude steel output of steel increased in China by 27.81% year on year, and the output of bearing steel increased by 22.08% year on year. Looking back on the bearing steel market in June, affected by the off-season demand, the market demand of related varieties of premium special steel has obviously weakened, and China’s bearing steel market price is also weak. So far, the average price of bearing round steel 50 mm (continuous casting) is 6470 yuan / ton, 320 yuan / ton lower than that at the end of May, with a month on month decrease of 4.71%. Recently, the steel pipe plants and forging plants are weak in orders, while the bearing steel enterprises are insufficient in actively reducing production, which reflected the increase of social warehouse and factory warehouse. At present, the demand is still affected by the off-season, and it is difficult to release it by a large degree. It is expected that the market price of bearing steel may show a trend of volatility and weakening in July.

I. Output of bearing steel in China

Output of bearing steel from January to may 2021: both crude steel and steel increased year on year.

According to the data of the Special Steel Enterprises Association of China, the output of cruel bearing steel was 1.9756 million tons in China's main excellent special steel enterprises from January to may 2021 , an increase of 32.03% compared with the same period last year. From January to may 2021, the output of bearing steel of China's main excellent special steel enterprises is 1.6929 million tons, an increase of 26.12% compared with the same period last year.

II. Market performance of bearing steel in China

In June, the prices of bearing steel in China showed a downward trend, and the overall market performance was not good. Due to the particularity of the season, the whole country is hot and rainy, and the overall inventory is large in June. The orders of some high-end bearing manufacturers are great. In addition, the current market is falling again, which alleviates the risk of high price in the early stage and digests part of resources, which plays a certain role in supporting the price. The space for price decline in the later stage is limited. However, the feedback from the current situation shows that the demand of automobile, engineering, wind power and other downstream industries is not optimistic, and the demand for bearing steel may remain low. In view of the limited supporting effect of demand on the price, coupled with the continuous release of steel production capacity, it is expected that the market price of bearing steel in July will show a weakening trend.

III. Relevant market information

(1) Price of raw materials

The market performance of common carbon scrap is relatively strong, with the average price at the end of the month at 3215 yuan / ton. At the beginning of this month, the arrival of steel scrap continued to decline, and scrap prices continued to rise. Later, as the price of thread steel continued to decline, the profits of steel mills were greatly compressed, the price of scrap was depressed one after another. However, due to the tight supply of scrap, the decline of scrap price was not large.

(2) Downstream industry

According to the statistics of China Automobile Industry Association, in May 2021, the production and sales of automobiles were 2.04 million and 2.218 million, with a month on month decrease of 8.7% and 5.5%, and a year-on-year decrease of 6.8% and 3.1%. From January to May this year, automobile consumption remained stable on the whole. Judging from the market, the production and sales of automobiles in this month decreased year on year. Looking forward to the future, China's economic operation is stable and strengthening, which plays a good supporting role in the stability of automobile consumption. However, the global epidemic is still spreading, the global economic recovery is uneven, and China’s economic recovery foundation is not solid, which also brings difficulties for automobile industry.

IV. Conclusion

In June, the market price of bearing steel is still weak, the demand is obviously affected by the off-season, and the inventory accumulation speed is accelerated. At present, the price gap between GCr15 and 45# carbon structural steel has expanded, and the price gap of some steel plants has reached 600-800 yuan / ton. Recently, the demand of bearing steel pipe plants and forging plants has declined obviously, the end users are more cautious in purchasing, and downstream industries still worried. The output of bearing steel production enterprises is high. Under the high inventory pressure, capital flow and risk control are particularly important.

From the perspective of demand, the southern region entered a continuous high temperature after ending of plum rain season in July, so it is difficult to recover demand. In addition, the release of steel production capacity is not reduced, it is expected that the bearing steel market may show a trend of weakening in July.

GQZ Unveiled 6 Boutique Bearings for High-end Market in February 2022

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A big surprise!

 

In order to better serve the high-end global market, GQZ launched six boutique bearings with fabulous high performance in February 2022.

They include:

1. Double row self-aligning ball bearing – 2205TVN

2. Single row cylindrical roller bearing – NU210EM

3. 7200 series angular contact ball bearing – 7209AC

4. The deep groove ball bearing with dust cover on both sides belongs to 6200 size series — 6205-2Z

5. Blower bearing –  Spherical Roller Bearing 23084CAK/w33P64

6. Double row tapered roller bearing – HM129848-90366

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In 2021,GQZ have achieved good growth and won the praise of many overseas customers to our bearings. We hope that this batch of boutique bearings will better meet the needs of high-end customers.

 

Why GQZ Bearings

Founded in 1999, Wuxi Guangqiang Bearing Trade Co.,LTD, deals with precision bearings and bearing related products across a large spectrum of customers. Since the founding the company, we keep standing by the principle of “Quality First, Credit First, Independent Innovation” and our company has won a great reputation from home and abroad.

Working with You

Beitang District, Wuxi, China.

Tel: +86-510-82601571

Fax: +86-510-82615331

E-mail: [email protected]

Website:www.bearing-asia.com

 

 

Drupal Layout Builder – a great tool for creating layouts

Layout Builder is a tool for building Drupal 8 entity layouts. It gained popularity a couple of years ago, but Drupal developers are still using it more and more. If you haven’t done it yet, or want to refresh your knowledge, we’ll explain how to install, launch, manage, and use this module.

What is Drupal Layout Builder?

The Layout Builder module has been included in Drupal Core starting with version 8.5, and it still undergoes significant changes and metamorphoses. However, its basic functionality remains unchanged. It helps developers to easily and conveniently build page layouts using a UI, and it enables embedding and linking any elements in a layout, like fields, views, menus, and forms.

Installing and setting up the Layout Builder module

As we mentioned earlier, the Layout Builder module has been available in Drupal Core since version 8.5, which means that all you have to do is install it.

You don’t have to do any additional configuration of the module, and you can start using it immediately, which you will see in the next step.

As of September 2021, the latest stable branch of Drupal is 9.2.6, and this is the version we are going to use for all our examples.

Launching Drupal Layout Builder

Given the fact that Layout Builder can be used only in entities, immediately after installation, you can find an option to use this module in place of the default display manager in the Manage display tab in all types of entities.

Using Drupal Layout Builder, you can create layouts for a given type of entity, so each entity of a given type will have the same layout. However, you can also use an additional option:

It allows individual entities to overwrite the default layout for that entity type. This, in turn, offers pretty much unlimited possibilities, enabling you to change the appearance of only one entity of a given type while keeping the layout of all the other entities.

After applying the selected options, the display management form changes its appearance. You can also find an additional button labeled as Manage layout.

Please note, that since version 8.6 the module allows you to enable/disable Layout Builder for a given view mode. This means that the Teaser mode remains untouched and uses the standard Drupal engine.

Layout management

What does this mysterious Manage layout button do? It takes you to the layout editing page, which uses the default page layout.

In this mode, you can manage sections and blocks in a section. You can also easily change the section order, as well as move blocks inside and between sections by dragging and dropping.

It’s important to confirm all operations by clicking the Save Layout button.

To add a new section, click Add Section. Then the available layouts will appear on the right-hand side

After you select one of them, a section will be added using the selected layout. You can then fill the section with blocks. To do this, click Add Block.

You can select from many available options. Apart from fields, you can also easily embed a form, view, menu, or blocks in an entity

If you need something even more powerful, combine Layout Builder with Entity Blocks module (entity_block), which enables you to embed any entity in a selected view mode as a section block. By doing so, you can easily reuse previously created elements and place them anywhere in the layout.

Single entity layout

So far, we have been working on a layout for the entity type. But let’s assume that you want a single entity to display a bit differently than the rest, for example with your own block.

Layout Builder expands entity routing with an additional page with /layout argument, which means that you can find an additional Layout tab when editing a block or node.

When viewing a node, you can also find a quick shortcut to layout editing available in the tabs:

All you have to do now is to modify the existing default layout according to your needs and apply all changes. If you ever find yourself having to restore a default layout, you also have the option to “Revert to defaults”.

Important: If you’ve used the option of changing the layout for a single entity, the possibility of disabling the Layout Builder will be blocked.

Only restoring all changed layouts to their default values will enable you to change the layout options again.

Layout Builder under the hood

Drupal Layout Builder is definitely impressive when it comes to GUI management. However, the programming tasks that you will encounter while working with the tool on a daily basis might be a bit more complex. You might then ask how to work with Layout Builder with code.

It turns out that enabling and unlocking templates for a single entity is relatively easy.

Simply load the display:

$entityViewDisplay = Drupal::entityTypeManager->getStorage('entity_view_display')->load('ENTITY_TYPE.ENTITY_BUNDLE.VIEW_MODE');

It will return a LayoutBuilderEntityViewDisplay type object, which you then have to modify like so:

$entityViewDisplay->enableLayoutBuilder();

to enable the Layout Builder for a given view mode, or additionally set the flag:

$entityViewDisplay->setOverridable(TRUE);

to enable creating individual layouts for a single entity.

Then, you need to save everything.

$entityViewDisplay->save();

What actually happens under the hood is that the Layout Builder module adds the layout_builder key to the third_party_settings of a given entity type, containing values for the parameters shown above (enabled, allow_custom) and stores the default layout for this type of entity under sections.

If the setOverridable flag is set to TRUE, it creates a new entity field called layout_builder__layout, which stores the modified layout for this particular entity.

On the other hand, creating a section with code and filling it with appropriate content is a bit more complicated.

Let’s start with creating a new section. To do this, we need to create a new instance of the Drupallayout_builderSection class, including the layout_id parameter, which serves as a layout identifier. 

Pro tip: Layouts are defined in *.layouts.yml files and the default templates can be found in the layout_discovery module.

Then the simplest way is simply to add another element to the section, in which case you are going to use the appendComponent method, which takes on an instance of the Drupallayout_builderSectionComponent class as an argument. However, first, you will need to prepare a couple of things before you can create such a section component. First of all, you will need:

  • the uuid of the embedded element,
  • the name of the region in the section,
  • plugin configuration.

In this example, we are going to use the plugin provided by Entity Blocks to embed a sample node in a single-column section:

$section = new Section('layout_onecol');

$uuid = $node->uuid();
$region = ‘content’;
$pluginConfiguration = [
  'id' => 'entity_block:node',
  'provider' => 'entity_block',
  'label_display' => FALSE,
  'view_mode' => 'default',
  'entity' => $node->id(),
];
$component = new SectionComponent($uuid, $region, $pluginConfiguration);
$section->appendComponent($component);

You always have to keep in mind that layouts are stored in third-party settings or in a field, so to save the section you will have to save it in one of these places.
In our example we are using a field, so:

$entity->layout_builder__layout->setValue($section);
$entity->save();

By doing all of these steps, you now added a single column section to an entity and displayed a sample node in it.

You may also be interested in: Custom Entity Forms on the Example of User Editing and Registration

Pros and cons of the Layout Builder module 

Below, we prepared a short list of some pros and cons that we discovered while working with Layout Builder:

Pros:

  • Ease of deployment – the module is already in the core, there is no need to implement new entity types.
  • Convenient interface with drag&drop functionality.
  • Customization options for individual entities.
  • An easy way to combine fields with other entities, without having to create additional reference fields.
  • A convenient way of embedding existing entities using Entity Blocks.

Cons:

  • As the website grows (new entity types and embeddable elements), the loading time of all available elements increases drastically.
  • Given that the module is UI-focused, adding new layouts could be more intuitive. Currently, we need to create .yml files and templates using code.
  • With a large number of elements in the layout, dragging elements between sections becomes a bit difficult.
  • Difficult access to sections in Twig, names are suffixed with uuid, which makes it difficult to render a selected section.

Drupal Layout Builder – summary

Drupal Layout Builder brings many interesting possibilities in terms of layout management, using both user interface and code. Is it going to replace all existing solutions?

In my opinion, it is a perfect tool that solves the problem of layouts on a macro scale. Creating closed components using popular modules such as Paragraphs, Field Group, and then building ready-made layouts made up of these components using Layout Builder seems like a perfect solution.

Like each and any Drupal module, Layout Builder has its own specific use – so, as always, it’s going to do better in solving some problems, and in case of other challenges it’s going to fare much worse. Just see it for yourself!

 

Amber Pharmacist Glass Jar with Silver Lid 200ml

This is a very strong, thick glass jar and complies with ASTM 2179 AND 2147 testing methods. (Ensures glass is able to withstand heat and has no cracks or fractures)

Measurements: Height 9.5cm, Diameter 7cm.

Approximate Volume: 200ml

Make sure you check out my wee video, to see the quality and the sparkle for yourself 🙂

Keyword: Candle holder

Detailed Guidelines on How to Refactor Code of Your Website

Have you ever shaken your head in disapproval while reading code when you were working on a project? Have you at least once thought to yourself: “This isn’t optimal code – it’s possible to write it better and more efficiently”? Does adding or changing a theoretically small functionality on your page cause countless problems and require introducing changes to many other areas? If the answer to at least one of these questions is “yes”, it may be the time to plan code refactoring.

What does it mean to refactor code?

Code refactoring means fighting technical debt. It’s a process of transforming chaotic code that’s non-compliant with standards and good practices into clean code, the structure of which is simple, understandable, and extensible.

What’s clean code?

Code is considered clean if everyone on the team is able to understand it easily. The functionality provided by clean code may be easily extended by all developers on the team, not just the code’s developer.

Clean code is characterized by:

  • simplicity,
  • being understandable for other programers,
  • lack of duplicates,
  • minimalism,
  • being fully tested,
  • easy and cheap maintenance.

Step 1: Learning about an application or website

At the beginning of a code refactoring process, you should carry out an in-depth analysis of the application and highlight the elements that are difficult to develop and maintain. A helpful method during this stage (and at the same time – one of the refactoring methods) is Exploratory Refactoring. What is it about? Set a timer for 25-30 minutes and refactor the functionality you want to understand during that time. At this point, it doesn’t matter that the changes you introduce aren’t optimal or that the code stops working as it should. The purpose of introducing changes at this point is to thoroughly comprehend the functionality and understand the legacy code that you’re coming to refactor. This approach reduces the time required for analysis – static code reading will almost never give you a complete picture of the situation.

Step 2: Writing down the things that may be a problem

Hey, I choose to work on the “AplicationManager” class. It hasn’t been tested at all. It has many responsibilities. It’s also very fragile and has a typo in the name. This 250-line method, which has seven parameters and two flags, maybe broken down not into a few methods but into three classes. I came to these conclusions during an Exploratory Refactoring, and also found out that we should…

This is one example of the result of using the Exploratory Refactoring method. During the analysis, write down the problems you’ve encountered and the possible solutions to these problems. This list will be necessary for the correct and optimal process of designing the refreshed application. Don’t focus on details at this stage, don’t try to define exact solutions – there’ll be time for that.

What things may pose a problem? In many cases, we may feel that there’s something wrong with the code. It affects so many people that such a hunch even got its own name – code smells. The code smells may be grouped and used for iterative refactoring.

Code bloat

I know that this class already has 648 lines and many dependencies and responsibilities, but I quickly added one method because I needed it for my task. This class seemed appropriate to me. What? Why have I already done this six times in six different, unrelated tasks? As I’m telling you – it’s just a quick fix.

Code is bloated when it’s so large that it takes a long time to understand, maintain, modify, or extend it. This type of code is expensive and difficult to test. It’s characterized by:

  • long methods,
  • long classes,
  • long list of parameters,
  • duplication of variables in multiple classes,
  • using primitive fields instead of simple classes.

Partial or inappropriate use of object-oriented programing

The code collects all the abuses and incorrect use of object-oriented programming – it breaks the rules, loses its readability. Changes, maintenance and testing, become more expensive.

The code smells list in this case includes:

  • duplication of functionalities,
  • comprehensive switches that may be eliminated using polymorphism,
  • temporary variables in the method.

Change blockers

Changing the class causes the need to overwrite theoretically unrelated methods. This extends the time it takes to make improvements or extensions to the code.

Redundant elements of code

– During Code Review, I came across the $fooMaganer variable, which you commented as “Foo Manager variable, used to manage the Foo”. Do you think this is a proper comment?

– I don’t know, but our standards state that each variable has to be commented on, not that the comment is supposed to contribute something. So how will it be? Will you approve?

Redundant elements include anything that adds nothing to the code or isn’t used. Among them are:

  • code excessively filled with unnecessary comments,
  • code duplicates,
  • unused code,
  • unused classes,
  • unused methods.

Connectors

Hi, Adam, Anna needs a list of the first ten numbers in the Fibonacci sequence. Please, give it to me, and I’ll pass it on your behalf. Thanks!

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Connectors are redundant elements of an application, the task of which is only to call a functionality implemented in other classes and pass the results to the calling class.

Connectors include:

  • methods that mainly refer to another object,
  • classes drawing from internal fields and methods of a given class,
  • call chains,
  • classes whose sole responsibility is to call a method in another class.

You might also like: Software Development Tools that Boost our Productivity

Step 3: Designing the refreshed application

After identifying and describing the problematic areas, it’s time to plan the main process. Refactoring may be carried out in an iterative or holistic manner. It all depends on the amount of time you can spend on the process. The holistic approach obviously takes more time, but the benefits of using this approach are greater than with the iterative approach. The latter is a method of refactoring changes, consisting of improving selected elements of an application. The iterative approach may be divided into correcting a specific code smell list and full refactoring, but only of particular functionality.

How to refactor code? Summary

Refactoring is a process that reduces the cost of introducing changes and new functionalities to an application. It benefits everyone, from the project owner, through the development team and testers, to end users. Clean code is easier to test. As a result, the process of implementing changes to the production becomes less stressful. If introducing changes to your website is time-consuming and the code is fragile, it’s time to consider refactoring. Starting this process will bring you long-term benefits.

If you have a website or application on Drupal and you don’t know how to refactor your code properly, our Drupal support team will help you with that.