It is well known our ability to do physical activity for long periods of time is thanks to efficient energy production in the mitochondria, and that regular endurance training increases numbers in our muscles, and our endurance capacity.
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How and why increasing mitochondria improves performance
However scientists have discovered that muscle endurance is not only determined by the number of mitochondria, but also their structure.
“We’ve found that mitochondria in endurance athletes are constructed in such a way that they generate more energy than mitochondria in non-athletes. In fact, our measurements have shown us that these mitochondria can generate around 25% more energy. This gives a major advantage in endurance sports such as marathon running and cross-country skiing, but also in ball games like soccer,” says Joachim Nielsen, assistant professor of muscle physiology at University of Southern Denmark.
The scientists examined 15 elite athletes and compared them with 29 people who either did not exercise or were moderately active. All study subjects underwent a muscle biopsy, which was later viewed under an advanced microscope that can detect even the minutest changes in muscle structure.
The scientists say it is still too early to say whether the improved mitochondria in athletes is genetic or whether they are a result of long-term exercise, however they are now working on the hypothesis that training over longer periods of time can induce these kinds of changes in the structure of mitochondria.
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“We took detailed measurements of each muscle fibre and saw that those muscle fibres that are typically most active during extended periods of physical activity are also those with the most significant changes in mitochondrial structure. We see this as a clear indication that the athletes have produced these changes themselves through their training,” explains Joachim Nielsen
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It is well known our ability to do physical activity for long periods of time is thanks to efficient energy production in the mitochondria, and that regular endurance training increases numbers in our muscles, and our endurance capacity.
Advertisement
How and why increasing mitochondria improves performance
However scientists have discovered that muscle endurance is not only determined by the number of mitochondria, but also their structure.
“We’ve found that mitochondria in endurance athletes are constructed in such a way that they generate more energy than mitochondria in non-athletes. In fact, our measurements have shown us that these mitochondria can generate around 25% more energy. This gives a major advantage in endurance sports such as marathon running and cross-country skiing, but also in ball games like soccer,” says Joachim Nielsen, assistant professor of muscle physiology at University of Southern Denmark.
The scientists examined 15 elite athletes and compared them with 29 people who either did not exercise or were moderately active. All study subjects underwent a muscle biopsy, which was later viewed under an advanced microscope that can detect even the minutest changes in muscle structure.
The scientists say it is still too early to say whether the improved mitochondria in athletes is genetic or whether they are a result of long-term exercise, however they are now working on the hypothesis that training over longer periods of time can induce these kinds of changes in the structure of mitochondria.
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“We took detailed measurements of each muscle fibre and saw that those muscle fibres that are typically most active during extended periods of physical activity are also those with the most significant changes in mitochondrial structure. We see this as a clear indication that the athletes have produced these changes themselves through their training,” explains Joachim Nielsen
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Need some training help? Considering your first Ironman, or just wondering how to improve your swim technique? Then we’ve got just the person to ask… Yep, we’re excited to announce that joining 220 Triathlon from the March issue, on sale 1st February, will be six-time Ironman world champ and coaching legend Dave Scott.
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Dave Scott took his first Hawaii Ironman title in 1980 and went on to win again in 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986 and 1987. In 1993, he was honoured for his accomplishments in the sport and became the first inductee into the Ironman Hall of Fame. We have also named him greatest Kona triathlete of all time
Coaching expert
Dave went on to have a successful coaching career and has worked with athletes including the legendary four-time world champ Chrissie Wellington. He now devotes his time to educating and inspiring athletes of all abilities and ages leading sport camps, clinics and races and running his own training group in Boulder, Colorado.
But now, 220 readers can benefit from this wealth of experience too, as he joins us as our regular monthly coaching expert – answering your questions on everything from nutrition to race day strategy.
“Hey 220 readers,” says Dave, “bring on your questions and concerns about health, fitness, training and racing. I’m eager to help you through 2017 and make sure you achieve your goals!”
Your Qs needed!
To get started though, we need YOUR questions for Dave… They don’t have to be about Ironman distance (although those are welcome!) and could relate to any aspect of triathlon. Simply send an email to [email protected] and you could be getting some expert advice in a future issue!
Not only that, but Dave wants to hear your ideas for what his new coaching column should be called (and we’ll find a prize in the 220 gear cupboard for the winning idea!), plus the person that sends in the first question we use will also receive a personal answer from Dave in a video broadcast on Facebook Live.
Send your questions for Dave Scott to [email protected] and to read more about his coaching services visit www.davescottinc.com.
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Read Dave Scott’s coaching tips for 220 on swim technique here and on strength and conditioning here.
Dave Scott on how to build a long-distance training plan
Dave Scott on how goal-setting can help you focus when going long
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Need some training help? Considering your first Ironman, or just wondering how to improve your swim technique? Then we’ve got just the person to ask… Yep, we’re excited to announce that joining 220 Triathlon from the March issue, on sale 1st February, will be six-time Ironman world champ and coaching legend Dave Scott.
Advertisement
Dave Scott took his first Hawaii Ironman title in 1980 and went on to win again in 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986 and 1987. In 1993, he was honoured for his accomplishments in the sport and became the first inductee into the Ironman Hall of Fame. We have also named him greatest Kona triathlete of all time
Coaching expert
Dave went on to have a successful coaching career and has worked with athletes including the legendary four-time world champ Chrissie Wellington. He now devotes his time to educating and inspiring athletes of all abilities and ages leading sport camps, clinics and races and running his own training group in Boulder, Colorado.
But now, 220 readers can benefit from this wealth of experience too, as he joins us as our regular monthly coaching expert – answering your questions on everything from nutrition to race day strategy.
“Hey 220 readers,” says Dave, “bring on your questions and concerns about health, fitness, training and racing. I’m eager to help you through 2017 and make sure you achieve your goals!”
Your Qs needed!
To get started though, we need YOUR questions for Dave… They don’t have to be about Ironman distance (although those are welcome!) and could relate to any aspect of triathlon. Simply send an email to [email protected] and you could be getting some expert advice in a future issue!
Not only that, but Dave wants to hear your ideas for what his new coaching column should be called (and we’ll find a prize in the 220 gear cupboard for the winning idea!), plus the person that sends in the first question we use will also receive a personal answer from Dave in a video broadcast on Facebook Live.
Send your questions for Dave Scott to [email protected] and to read more about his coaching services visit www.davescottinc.com.
Advertisement
Read Dave Scott’s coaching tips for 220 on swim technique here and on strength and conditioning here.
Dave Scott on how to build a long-distance training plan
Dave Scott on how goal-setting can help you focus when going long
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Priority entry for the 2017 Columbia Threadneedle World Triathlon Leeds will open to 2016 participants and British Triathlon Home Nation members at 10am on Monday 28 November. A week later, on Monday 5 December, entries will go on sale to the general public.
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Newcomers to the sport can also sign up for a fun-filled GO TRI event in and around Roundhay Park on Saturday 10 June.
The sprint and standard distance events on Sunday 11 June will run along a new and improved course for amateur athletes, including a single transition in Roundhay Park. The run leg will finish on the world famous blue carpet in the city centre’s Millennium Square.
Full details of the new course and additional improvements to the event experience following feedback from 2016 participants, which saw many disgruntled triathletes, will be announced in the coming months.
World Triathlon Leeds: organisational issues blight age-group event
Leeds Tri organisers to donate £40k to tri clubs
After the mass participation events the world’s best triathletes, including Olympic medallists Ali and Jonny Brownlee and Vicky Holland, will take on WTS Leeds, the fourth leg of the ITU World Triathlon Series. The event is organised by British Triathlon in partnership with Leeds City Council, UK Sport and the ITU.
Jack Buckner, CEO of British Triathlon said: “The launch of next year’s Columbia Threadneedle World Triathlon Leeds is a truly exciting moment for the team at British Triathlon. We are working closely with all our partners to create a great event experience in 2017 that meets the high expectations of the triathlon community and ourselves.
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“We are again delighted to be able to host the world’s best triathletes in the fourth leg of the ITU World Triathlon Series. British Triathlon are looking forward to delivering an inspirational event for every athlete, spectator and volunteer in 2017.”
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Priority entry for the 2017 Columbia Threadneedle World Triathlon Leeds will open to 2016 participants and British Triathlon Home Nation members at 10am on Monday 28 November. A week later, on Monday 5 December, entries will go on sale to the general public.
Advertisement
Newcomers to the sport can also sign up for a fun-filled GO TRI event in and around Roundhay Park on Saturday 10 June.
The sprint and standard distance events on Sunday 11 June will run along a new and improved course for amateur athletes, including a single transition in Roundhay Park. The run leg will finish on the world famous blue carpet in the city centre’s Millennium Square.
Full details of the new course and additional improvements to the event experience following feedback from 2016 participants, which saw many disgruntled triathletes, will be announced in the coming months.
World Triathlon Leeds: organisational issues blight age-group event
Leeds Tri organisers to donate £40k to tri clubs
After the mass participation events the world’s best triathletes, including Olympic medallists Ali and Jonny Brownlee and Vicky Holland, will take on WTS Leeds, the fourth leg of the ITU World Triathlon Series. The event is organised by British Triathlon in partnership with Leeds City Council, UK Sport and the ITU.
Jack Buckner, CEO of British Triathlon said: “The launch of next year’s Columbia Threadneedle World Triathlon Leeds is a truly exciting moment for the team at British Triathlon. We are working closely with all our partners to create a great event experience in 2017 that meets the high expectations of the triathlon community and ourselves.
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“We are again delighted to be able to host the world’s best triathletes in the fourth leg of the ITU World Triathlon Series. British Triathlon are looking forward to delivering an inspirational event for every athlete, spectator and volunteer in 2017.”
British Triathlon have confirmed that the British Standard Distance Championships will move to Leeds for 2017, after four years at Tri Liverpool.
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This means the Leeds event will now host the fourth stage of the ITU series, the British Triathlon Championships and the English Aquathlon Championships over the same weekend.
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British Triathlon Chief Executive Jack Buckner commented: “After four fantastically memorable years at Tri Liverpool, we have decided to move the British Standard Distance Triathlon Championships to the heartland of the sport in 2017.
“As we prepare to witness the greatest athletes in the world go head-to-head in Leeds next June, what better opportunity to showcase the best of British age-group talent than see them finish on the same iconic blue carpet in Millennium Square.”
British Triathlon also confirmed the date and venue for the British Duathlon Championships, which will be hosted by Nice Tri Events at the Bedford Autodrome Duathlon on 9 April. The 2017 British Championships are now fully confirmed as:
British Duathlon Championships – Bedford Autodrome Duathlon, 9 April
British Sprint Distance Championships – Strathclyde Park Multisport Festival, 27 May
British Middle Distance Championships – Vitruvian Triathlon, 9 September
British Standard Distance Championships – Columbia Threadneedle World Triathlon Leeds, 11 June
Advertisement
British Triathlon have confirmed that the British Standard Distance Championships will move to Leeds for 2017, after four years at Tri Liverpool.
Advertisement
This means the Leeds event will now host the fourth stage of the ITU series, the British Triathlon Championships and the English Aquathlon Championships over the same weekend.
British Triathlon Chief Executive Jack Buckner commented: “After four fantastically memorable years at Tri Liverpool, we have decided to move the British Standard Distance Triathlon Championships to the heartland of the sport in 2017.
“As we prepare to witness the greatest athletes in the world go head-to-head in Leeds next June, what better opportunity to showcase the best of British age-group talent than see them finish on the same iconic blue carpet in Millennium Square.”
British Triathlon also confirmed the date and venue for the British Duathlon Championships, which will be hosted by Nice Tri Events at the Bedford Autodrome Duathlon on 9 April. The 2017 British Championships are now fully confirmed as:
British Duathlon Championships – Bedford Autodrome Duathlon, 9 April
British Sprint Distance Championships – Strathclyde Park Multisport Festival, 27 May
British Middle Distance Championships – Vitruvian Triathlon, 9 September
British Standard Distance Championships – Columbia Threadneedle World Triathlon Leeds, 11 June
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A skin patch that measures the wearer’s sweat to show how their body is responding to exercise has been developed by scientists at Northwestern University.
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Designed for one-use only it analyses key biomarkers to help an athlete decide if any adjustments, such as drinking more water or replenishing electrolytes, need to be made.
Sweat testing for athletes: is it worth it?
Dehydration and sodium: why replacing salt is crucial
Hyponatremia: What it is and how you can avoid it
“The intimate skin interface created by this wearable, skin-like microfluidic system enables new measurement capabilities not possible with the kinds of absorbent pads and sponges currently used in sweat collection,” said John A. Rogers, who led the multi-institution research team.
“Sweat is a rich, chemical broth containing a number of important chemical compounds with physiological health information. By expanding our previously developed ‘epidermal’ electronics platform to include a complex network of microfluidic channels and storage reservoirs, we now can perform biochemical analysis of this important biofluid.”
“The sweat analysis platform we developed will allow people to monitor their health on the spot without the need for a blood sampling and with integrated electronics that do not require a battery but still enable wireless connection to a smartphone,” said collaborator Yonggang Huang.
The device was tested on two different groups of athletes: one cycling indoors in a fitness centre under controlled conditions and the other participating in the El Tour de Tucson, a long-distance cycle race in arid and complex conditions. The researchers placed the device on the arms and backs of the athletes to capture sweat.
During exercise sweat enters four different small, circular compartments within the patch, which monitor pH and concentrations of glucose, chloride and lactate. These compartments then change colour according to the results.
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When a smartphone is brought into proximity with the device (see video below), the wireless electronics trigger an app that captures a photo of the device and analyses the image to yield data on the biomarker concentrations.
“We chose these four biomarkers because they provide a characteristic profile that’s relevant for health status determination,” said Rogers, director of Northwestern’s Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics. “The device also can determine sweat rate and loss, and it can store samples for subsequent laboratory analysis, if necessary.”
In the group that cycled indoors, the researchers compared the new device’s biomarker readouts to conventional laboratory analysis of the same sweat and found the two sets of results agreed with each other.
With the long-distance cyclists, the researchers tested the durability of the device in the complex and unpredictable conditions of the desert. They found the devices to be robust: They stayed adhered to the athletes’ skin, did not leak and provided the quality information the researchers sought.
The sweat analysis device features a number of innovations:
The device can capture, store and analyse sweat in situ in real time
The device can quantitatively determine biomarker levels using colorimetric analysis
A power source is not required to display the results; instead, a smartphone camera and app are used to read the biomarker change
Advertisement
Details of the versatile platform for sweat analysis were published on November 23 as the cover story by the journal Science Translational Medicine.
A skin patch that measures the wearer’s sweat to show how their body is responding to exercise has been developed by scientists at Northwestern University.
Advertisement
Designed for one-use only it analyses key biomarkers to help an athlete decide if any adjustments, such as drinking more water or replenishing electrolytes, need to be made.
Sweat testing for athletes: is it worth it?
Dehydration and sodium: why replacing salt is crucial
Hyponatremia: What it is and how you can avoid it
“The intimate skin interface created by this wearable, skin-like microfluidic system enables new measurement capabilities not possible with the kinds of absorbent pads and sponges currently used in sweat collection,” said John A. Rogers, who led the multi-institution research team.
“Sweat is a rich, chemical broth containing a number of important chemical compounds with physiological health information. By expanding our previously developed ‘epidermal’ electronics platform to include a complex network of microfluidic channels and storage reservoirs, we now can perform biochemical analysis of this important biofluid.”
“The sweat analysis platform we developed will allow people to monitor their health on the spot without the need for a blood sampling and with integrated electronics that do not require a battery but still enable wireless connection to a smartphone,” said collaborator Yonggang Huang.
The device was tested on two different groups of athletes: one cycling indoors in a fitness centre under controlled conditions and the other participating in the El Tour de Tucson, a long-distance cycle race in arid and complex conditions. The researchers placed the device on the arms and backs of the athletes to capture sweat.
During exercise sweat enters four different small, circular compartments within the patch, which monitor pH and concentrations of glucose, chloride and lactate. These compartments then change colour according to the results.
When a smartphone is brought into proximity with the device (see video below), the wireless electronics trigger an app that captures a photo of the device and analyses the image to yield data on the biomarker concentrations.
“We chose these four biomarkers because they provide a characteristic profile that’s relevant for health status determination,” said Rogers, director of Northwestern’s Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics. “The device also can determine sweat rate and loss, and it can store samples for subsequent laboratory analysis, if necessary.”
In the group that cycled indoors, the researchers compared the new device’s biomarker readouts to conventional laboratory analysis of the same sweat and found the two sets of results agreed with each other.
With the long-distance cyclists, the researchers tested the durability of the device in the complex and unpredictable conditions of the desert. They found the devices to be robust: They stayed adhered to the athletes’ skin, did not leak and provided the quality information the researchers sought.
The sweat analysis device features a number of innovations:
The device can capture, store and analyse sweat in situ in real time
The device can quantitatively determine biomarker levels using colorimetric analysis
A power source is not required to display the results; instead, a smartphone camera and app are used to read the biomarker change
Advertisement
Details of the versatile platform for sweat analysis were published on November 23 as the cover story by the journal Science Translational Medicine.
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