Life in the slow lane
Major transport projects across Europe are falling way behind schedule.
The Kehl bridge over the Rhine ought to be the perfect symbol of European integration. It was on the Kehl footbridge that Nicolas Sarkozy and Angela Merkel met during last year’s 60th anniversary celebrations of NATO. But building a new railway bridge has proved far harder than arranging a photo-call between the French and German leaders. A €23 million steel railway bridge is expected to open later this year, after two years of building work and a mere 16 years of talking about building work.
The slow progress to a new Kehl railway bridge exemplifies the problems around building the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) – the core roads, railway lines, shipping and aviation routes, and transport infrastructure in the European Union.
Although the TEN-T network covers all major roads and transport links, the centrepiece of the network is a set of 30 priority projects, the most important transnational projects in Europe. Yet since the first prestige projects were announced in 1996, only five have been completed. End dates continue to slip into the future: 16 projects are not scheduled to be finished until 2020 at the earliest, with the remainder to be completed by 2025.
European transport ministers will meet next week (8-9 June) in Zaragoza to discuss how they can keep these big projects on track in tough economic times.
Lack of money was a problem even during times of plenty. Although the EU provides some funding, the bulk comes from national budgets. But governments tend to prioritise work in the interior, rather than the cross-border links. Cross-border links can be the most costly or difficult to build, because they involve building through mountains or over rivers. But many observers think the problems go beyond geology. Brian Simpson, a British Socialist MEP who chairs the European Parliament’s transport committee, says that governments do not trust each other enough and are “suspicious of whether their neighbours are doing their bit”.
Thinking European
The European Commission is increasingly frustrated. “Today’s TEN-T network mainly consists of an assembly of national sections that are not yet or only partially interlined,” states a draft of the 2010 progress report that will be published at the Zaragoza conference.
Senior European figures have identified a more general malaise. In his recent report on the single market, Mario Monti, the former European commissioner, argued that governments were not “thinking European” on big infrastructure projects, such as roads, pipelines or water. These words are echoed by Mathieu Grosch, a Belgian centre-right MEP who sits on the transport committee: “The main problem is that we call it the Trans-European Networks but we don’t have a European philosophy.”
Fact File
The 30 priority projects
1. Railway link: Berlin-Verona/Milan-Bologna-Napoli-Messina-PalermoCompletion date: 2022
Cost: €51.8 million
2. High-speed railway link: Paris-Brussels-Cologne-Amsterdam-London
Completion date: 2023
Cost: €17.1m
3. High-speed railway link for southwest Europe
Completion date: 2020
Cost: € 45.7m
4. High-speed railway link: eastern France-western Germany
Completion date: 2013
Cost: €5.2m
5. Betuwe railway line (the Netherlands)
Completed in 2008
Cost: €4.7m
6. Railway link: Lyon-Trieste-Divaca/Koper-Divaca-Ljubljana-Budapest-Ukrainian border
Completion date: 2025
Cost: €55.3m
7. Motorway axis Igoumenitsa/Patras-Athens-Sofia-Budapest
Completion date: 2016
Cost: €19m
8. Multimodal axis: Portugal/Spain-rest of Europe
Completion date: 2016
Cost: € 14.6m
9. Railway link: Cork-Dublin-Belfast-Stranraer
Completed in 2001
Cost: €595,000
10. Malpensa Airport
Completed in 2001
Cost: €1.3m
11. Øresund fixed link
Completed in 2000
Cost: €2.7m
12. Nordic Triangle railway/road link
Completion date: 2020
Cost: € 12.7m
13. UK/Ireland/Benelux road link
Completion date: 2015
Cost: €5.7m
14. West Coast Main Line (UK)
Completed in 2008
Cost: €10.8m
15. Galileo
Completion date: 2012
Cost: €2.3m
16. Freight railway link: Sines-Madrid-Paris
Completion date: 2020
Cost: €8.6m
17. Railway link: Paris-Strasbourg-Stuttgart-Vienna-Bratislava
Completion date: 2020
Cost: €13.8m
18. Rhine/Meuse-Main-Danube inland waterway
Completion date: 2021
Cost: €2.6m
19. High-speed rail interoperability on the Iberian peninsula
Completion date: 2021
Cost: €40.8m
20. Fehmarn Belt railway link
Completion date: 2020
Cost: €7.3m
21. Motorways of the sea project
No completion date given
No cost given
22. Railway link: Athens-Sofia-Budapest-Vienna-Prague-Nuremburg-Dresden
Completion date: 2020
Cost: €13.9m
23. Railway link: Gdansk-Warsaw-Brno/Bratislava-Vienna
Completion date: 2025
Cost: €4.4m
24. Railway link: Lyon-Geneva-Basel-Duisberg-Rotterdam/Antwerp
Completion date: 2020
Cost: €21.9m
25. Motorway link: Gdan´sk-Brno/Bratislava-Vienna
Completion date: 2018
Cost: €10.4m
26. Railway and road link: Ireland/UK/Europe
Completion date: 2020
Cost: €7.9m
27. ‘Rail Baltica’ link: Warsaw-Kaunas-Riga-Tallinn-Helsinki
Completion date: 2020
Cost: €2.5m
28. ‘Eurocaprail’ on the Brussels-Luxembourg-Strasbourg railway line
Completion date: 2015
Cost: €1m
29. Railway link: Ionian/Adriatic intermodal corridor
Completion date: 2020
Cost: €4.3m
30. Inland waterway: Seine-Scheldt
Completion date: 2016
Cost: €4.5m
Grosch, who represents a German-speaking part of Belgium, argues that countries can overcome national rivalries, citing a decision for a railway line to stop in the German city of Aachen rather than on the Belgian side. But governments do not always want to put the general good above their own local link.
The Commission is in the process of reforming TEN-T policy and would like more control put in the hands of the EU institutions. One Commission official says there needs to be a “radical overhaul…to move away from loosely interconnected national plans to European plans”.
What this means in practice is not entirely clear. Siim Kallas, the European commissioner for transport, will present formal proposals in spring 2011. However, people should not expect a “grandiose new deal”, says the Commission official, but rather more attention to missing border crossings and on smoothing out “interoperability” problems, for example, speeding up work on common signalling standards for European railways – the European Rail Traffic Management System.
Shrinking budgets
More leadership is what many in the transport industry have been calling for. Marc Billiet at the International Road Transport Union, which represents European truckers, coach and taxi drivers, says that the problems are “a lack of EU leadership in steering the priorities” and a lack of co-ordination between national, regional and local decision-makers.
Grosch would like the Commission to take a bigger role: it should offer “more than guidelines” but enforce “compulsory measures” to ensure that projects serve a European interest, he says.
Kallas hopes ministers will sign up to the general idea of more European control in Zaragoza. But he will face several obstacles. The most pressing problem is shrinking transport budgets. The total bill for all 30 priority projects comes in at €395 billion. Less than half the money has been pledged so far and this year spending has been cut by €14bn, raising more doubt about completion dates.
The Commission’s progress report suggests that Kallas is going to bid for more EU money for transport – “financial needs for the next financial perspectives will increase” – but the transport commissioner will face a lot of competition from other political priorities in a tight spending round.
Another challenge is how all this new transport infrastructure can be reconciled with the pledge to cut Europe’s greenhouse-gas emissions by 80%-95% by 2050. The Commission has declared that climate change will be at the centre of TEN-T policy in the future. They suggest this will mean favouring low-carbon transport – rail and water – over road. But national governments’ support for this is unclear.
The bottom line is whether Kallas can persuade ministers to “think European” on transport. National thinking was not erased from the TEN-T projects in times of plenty. Completing the projects looks even less certain in times of austerity.
Simpson puts it bluntly: “Am I hopeful that member states will come up with the money to complete the Trans-European Networks? No, I am not.”
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